دستورات شبکه

**ese145** · 2009-08-17, 12:28 PM

سلام .علت ونحوه استفاده دستورات شبکه مثل pingرا برای یک تحقیق می خواستم.ممنون اگه جواب بدید

موضوعات مشابه:

**patris1** · 2009-08-17, 01:26 PM

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ping

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) For other uses, see Ping (disambiguation).
ping is a computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network; it is also used to self test the network interface card of the computer, or as a latency test. It works by sending ICMP “echo request” packets to the target host and listening for ICMP “echo response” replies. Ping measures the round-trip time [1] and records any packet loss, and prints when finished a statistical summary of the echo response packets received, the minimum, mean, max and in some versions the standard deviation of the round trip time.
The word ping is also frequently used as a noun or verb, where it is used to refer to the round-trip time, or measuring the round-trip time.
The tool is also used in a type of simple denial-of-service attack, known as a ping flood, in which the attacker overwhelms the victim with ICMP echo request packets.
Contents

[hide]

[edit] History

A server denying a ping request because of the request's size.

Mike Muuss wrote the program in December, 1983, as a tool to troubleshoot odd behavior on an IP network. He named it after the pulses of sound made by a sonar, since its operation is analogous to active sonar in submarines, in which an operator issues a pulse of energy at the target, which then bounces from the target and is received by the operator. (The pulse of energy in sonar is analogous to a network packet in ping). [1][2]
The usefulness of ping in assisting the "diagnosis" of Internet connectivity issues was impaired from late in 2003, when a number of Internet Service Providers began filtering out ICMP Type 8 (echo request) messages at their network boundaries.
This was partly due to the increasing use of ping for target reconnaissance, for example by Internet worms such as Welchia that flood the Internet with ping requests in order to locate new hosts to infect. Not only did the availability of ping responses leak information to an attacker, it added to the overall load on networks, causing problems for routers across the Internet.
Although RFC 1122 prescribes that any host must accept an echo-request and issue an echo-reply in return, this is supposedly a security risk. Thus, hosts that no longer follow this standard are frequent on the public Internet.

[edit] ICMP packet

ICMP packet Bit 0 - 7 Bit 8 - 15 Bit 16 - 23 Bit 24 - 31 IP Header
(160 bits OR 20 Bytes) Version/IHL Type of service Length Identification flags and offset Time To Live(TTL) Protocol Checksum Source IP address Destination IP address ICMP Payload
(64+ bits OR 8+ Bytes) Type of message Code Checksum Quench Data (optional) Generic composition of an ICMP packet[3]

Header (in blue):
- Protocol set to 1 and Type of Service set to 0.
Payload (in red):
- Type of ICMP message (8 bits)
- Code (8 bits)
- Checksum (16 bits), calculated with the ICMP part of the packet (the header is not used)
- The ICMP 'Quench' (32 bits) field, which in this case (ICMP echo request and replies), will be composed of identifier (16 bits) and sequence number (16 bits).
- Data load for the different kind of answers (Can be an arbitrary length, left to implementation detail. However must be less than the maximum MTU of the network[citation needed]).
Data Transportation

Note that ICMP (and therefore Ping) resides on the Network layer (level 3) of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model. This is the same layer as IP (Internet Protocol). Consequently, Ping does not use a port for communication.

[edit] Sample pinging

[edit] Sample with Linux

The following is a sample output of pinging en.wikipedia.org under Linux with the iputils version of ping:
admin@localhost# ping en.wikipedia.org
PING rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=1 ttl=52 time=87.7 ms
64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=2 ttl=52 time=95.6 ms
64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=3 ttl=52 time=85.4 ms
64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=4 ttl=52 time=95.8 ms
64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=5 ttl=52 time=87.0 ms
64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=6 ttl=52 time=97.6 ms

--- rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org ping statistics ---
10 packets transmitted, 10 received, 0% packet loss, time 8998ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 78.162/89.213/97.695/6.836 ms
This output shows that en.wikipedia.org is a DNS CNAME record for rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org which then resolves to 66.230.200.100.
The output then shows the results of making 10 pings to 66.230.200.100 with the results summarized at the end. (To stop the program in Linux or Windows, press Ctrl+C.)

shortest round trip time was 78.162 milliseconds
average round trip time was 89.213 milliseconds
maximum round trip time was 97.695 milliseconds
Standard deviation of the round-trip time was 6.836 milliseconds

While a ping session is running, under some Linux systems, you can get the overall status of the session without quitting by sending the Ctrl+\ key combination. This will give you a summary similar to the following.
6/6 packets, 0% loss, min/avg/ewma/max = 15.304/23.188/20.446/53.673 ms

[edit] Sample with Windows

The following is a sample output of pinging en.wikipedia.org under Windows (Windows 7 used in the following example) from within the Command Prompt:
Pinging rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org [208.80.152.2] with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 208.80.152.2: bytes=32 time=80ms TTL=53
Reply from 208.80.152.2: bytes=32 time=81ms TTL=53
Reply from 208.80.152.2: bytes=32 time=84ms TTL=53
Reply from 208.80.152.2: bytes=32 time=84ms TTL=53

Ping statistics for 208.80.152.2:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 80ms, Maximum = 84ms, Average = 82ms
Windows appears not to inform the user about duplicated return packets.
While a ping session is running you can get the overall status of the session without quitting by sending the Ctrl+Break key combination.

[edit] Sample with Mac OS X

The following is a sample output of pinging en.wikipedia.org under Mac OS X Leopard using the Terminal:
Macintosh:~ user$ ping -c 10 en.wikipedia.org
PING rr.knams.wikimedia.org (91.198.174.2): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 91.198.174.2: icmp_seq=0 ttl=53 time=40.019 ms
64 bytes from 91.198.174.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=53 time=47.502 ms
64 bytes from 91.198.174.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=53 time=43.208 ms
64 bytes from 91.198.174.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=53 time=50.851 ms
64 bytes from 91.198.174.2: icmp_seq=4 ttl=53 time=46.556 ms
64 bytes from 91.198.174.2: icmp_seq=5 ttl=53 time=42.180 ms
64 bytes from 91.198.174.2: icmp_seq=6 ttl=53 time=49.853 ms
64 bytes from 91.198.174.2: icmp_seq=7 ttl=53 time=45.556 ms
64 bytes from 91.198.174.2: icmp_seq=8 ttl=53 time=41.186 ms
64 bytes from 91.198.174.2: icmp_seq=9 ttl=53 time=48.836 ms

--- rr.knams.wikimedia.org ping statistics ---
10 packets transmitted, 10 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 40.019/45.575/50.851/3.588 ms
While a ping session is running you can get the overall status of the session without quitting by sending the Ctrl+t key combination. This will give you a summary similar to the following.
load: 0.37 cmd: ping 1748 running 0.01u 0.07s
255/255 packets received (100%) 18.827 min / 19.975 avg / 29.200 max

[edit] Message format

[edit] Echo request

The echo request is an ICMP message whose data is expected to be received back in an echo reply ("ping"). The host must respond to all echo requests with an echo reply containing the exact data received in the request message.
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Type = 8 Code = 0 Header Checksum Identifier Sequence Number Data :::

Type must be set to 8.
Code must be set to 0.
The Identifier and Sequence Number can be used by the client to match the reply with the request that caused the reply. In practice, most Linux systems use a unique identifier for every ping process, and sequence number is an increasing number within that process. Windows uses a fixed identifier, which varies between Windows versions, and a sequence number that is only reset at boot time.
The data received by the Echo Request must be entirely included in the Echo Reply.

[edit] Echo reply

The echo reply is an ICMP message generated in response to an echo request, and is mandatory for all hosts and routers.
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Type = 0 Code = 0 Header Checksum Identifier Sequence Number Data :::

Type and code must be set to 0.
The identifier and sequence number can be used by the client to determine which echo requests are associated with the echo replies.
The data received in the echo request must be entirely included in the echo reply.

[edit] Other replies

In case of error, destination host or intermediate router will send back an ICMP error message, i.e. host unreachable or TTL exceeded in transit. This messages additionally have first 8 bytes of original message (in this case header of ICMP echo request, including quench value), so ping utility can match it to originating query.

[edit] Payload

The payload of the packet is generally filled with letters of the alphabet as this ASCII tcpdump shows
16:24:47.966461 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 128, id 15103, offset 0, flags [none], proto: ICMP (1), length: 60) 192.168.146.22 > 192.168.144.5: ICMP echo request,
id 1, seq 38, length 40
0x0000: 4500 003c 3aff 0000 8001 5c55 c0a8 9216 E..<:.....\U....
0x0010: c0a8 9005 0800 4d35 0001 0026 6162 6364 ......M5...&abcd
0x0020: 6566 6768 696a 6b6c 6d6e 6f70 7172 7374 efghijklmnopqrst
0x0030: 7576 7761 6263 6465 6667 6869 uvwabcdefghi
Some values of this payload indicates timestamp when message was sent to the network. This allows to compute round trip time in stateless manner - ping doesn't need to remember anywhere internally what and when packets was sent. When they return, all the data needed will be contained in the message. In case of no answer and no error message, most implementation of ping displays nothing, or periodically prints notification about timeout.

[edit] In gaming

Main article: ping (video gaming)
In various network multiplayer games, the server notes the time it requires for a game packet to reach a client and a response to be received. This round-trip time is usually reported as the player's 'ping'. It is used as an effective measurement of the player's latency, with lower ping times being desirable. Note that this style of ping typically does not use ICMP packets.

[edit] In common usage

The term 'ping' is commonly used to indicate an effectively contentless message. For instance, a short or empty instant message, email, voice mail or "missed call" notification can be used to indicate availability, or anything else that can be conveyed with a single bit of information at a given time.
Occasionally Packet InterNet Groper is suggested as a retronym or backronym, but the original author of ping says that it is based on the sound of a sonar return.[1].
The term 'ping' has been generalized to a word used to query if someone is available over Instant Messenger. The term is typically used in this fashion among computer professionals or other people who are familiar with the ping utility and its functionality.

[edit] See also

bing, ping with added throughput measurements
dping, IBM AIX command included in IBM Cluster Systems Management for sending ICMP packets to multiple hosts in parallel
fping, command for sending ICMP packets to multiple hosts in parallel
List of DOS commands
List of Unix utilities
Ping of death
Ping (video gaming)
traceroute, my traceroute

[edit] References

^ a b c "The Story of the PING Program". http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/ping.html. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
^ Salus, Peter (1994). A Quarter Century of UNIX. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201547775.
^ RFC 792

[edit] External links

ping(1): send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts – Linux man page
Ping Animation
WikiHow: To PING an IP address

**Naderpour** · 2009-08-17, 02:01 PM

خیلی کلی سوال کردید !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

ping برای اطلاع از وجود مسیر و امکان دسترسی به یک میزبان روی شبکه استفاده می شه .

**Naderpour** · 2009-08-17, 02:02 PM

همیشه فکر کن و بهترین را انتخاب کن نه راحترین

**ARM** · 2009-08-17, 02:15 PM

سلام
مد نظر ایشان فقط دستور پینگ نمی باشد و کلیه دستورات خط فرمان را به صورت مقاله میخواهند. در انجمن این مورد وجود نداشته است . ان شا الله ایشان همت میکنند و این مقاله را تهیه می کنند . در مورد دستور ping قبلا یک مطلب نوشته بودم که بد نیست مطالعه فرمایند.
دستور ping
موفق باشید

**patris1** · 2009-08-17, 02:25 PM

Help with ping, winipcfg, and other network commands.

Help with ping, winipcfg, and other network commands.

Issue:

Help with ping, winipcfg, and other network commands.
Cause:

It may be necessary to utilize utilities such as ping, winipcfg, tracert, etc to help identify and fix network related issues.
Solution:

Below is a listing of the various network related commands used in MS-DOS, Windows, Linux, Unix, and other operating systems. Each command includes additional information to what the command does, the command's syntax, and miscellaneous information.
Note: If you are not the root or admin of a computer, it is possible for these commands to be disabled or revoked.
Arp
Finger
Hostname
Ipconfig
Pathping
Ping
Nbtstat
Net
Netstat
Nslookup
Route
Tracert / Traceroute
Whois
Winipcfg
ARP
Display or manipulate the ARP information on a network device or computer.

Additional information about the MS-DOS arp command can be found here.

FINGER
The finger command available in Unix / Linux variants allows a user to find sometimes personal information about a user. This information can include the last time the user logged in, when they read their e-mail, etc... If the user creates a .PLAN or other related file the user can also display additional information.

Unix / Linux and variant finger command information can be found here.

HOSTNAME
The hostname command displays the host name of the Windows XP computer currently logged into.

Additional information about the MS-DOS hostname command can be found here.

IPCONFIG
Ipconfig is a MS-DOS utility that can be used from MS-DOS and a MS-DOS shell to display the network settings currently assigned and given by a network. This command can be utilized to verify a network connection as well as to verify your network settings.
Windows 2000 users should use this command to determine network information.

Additional information about ipconfig can be found here.

PATHPING
Pathping is a MS-DOS utility available for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP users. This utility enables a user to find network latency and network loss.

Additional information about the pathping command can be found here.

PING
Ping is one of the most commonly used and known commands. Ping allows a user to ping another network IP address. This can help determine if the network is able to communicate with the network.

MS-DOS / Windows ping command and information can be found here.
Unix / Linux and variant ping command information can be found here.

NBTSTAT
The nbtstat MS-DOS utility that displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NBT.

MS-DOS / Windows nbtstat command and information can be found here.

NET
The net command is available in MS-DOS / Windows and is used to set, view and determine network settings.

MS-DOS / Windows net command and information can be found here.

NETSTAT
The netstat command is used to display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information.

MS-DOS / Windows netstat command and information and be found here.
Unix / Linux netstat command and information and be found here.

NSLOOKUP
The nslookup MS-DOS utility that enables a user to do a reverse lookup on an IP address of a domain or host on a network.

MS-DOS / Windows nslookup command and information can be found here.
Unix / Linux nslookup command and information and be found here. Linux users may also be interested in the host command that performs a similar task.

ROUTE
The route MS-DOS utility enables computers to view and modify the computer's route table.

MS-DOS route command information can be found here.

TRACERT / TRACEROUTE
The tracert command in MS-DOS / Windows or the traceroute command in Unix / Linux and variants is another commonly used network command to help determine network related issues or slowdowns. Using this command you can view a listing of how a network packet travels through the network and where it may fail or slow down. Using this information you can determine the computer, router, switch or other network device possibly causing your network issues.

MS-DOS / Windows tracert command and information can be found here.
Unix / Linux and variant traceroute command information can be found here.

WHOIS
The whois command available in Unix / Linux variants helps allow a user to identify a domain name. This command provides information about a domain name much like the WHOIS on network solutions. In some cases the domain information will be provided from Network Solutions.

Unix / Linux and variant whois command information can be found here.

WINIPCFG
The winipcfg command available in Windows allows a user to display network and network adapter information. Here, a user can find such information as an IP address, Subnet Mask, Gateway, etc...

Windows winipcfg command and information can be found here.

NOTE: Windows 2000, Windows XP and above users do not have winipcfg. Instead, use ipconfig.

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