مجموعه تعریف لغات و اصطلاحات در شبکه های بیسیم . WiFi
[LEFT] [B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]10BaseT[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The most common cabling method for Ethernet. 10BaseT conforms to IEEE standard 802.3. It was[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]developed to enable data communications over unshielded twisted pair (telephone) wiring at speeds of up[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]to 10 megabits per second up to distances of approximately 330 feet on a network segment. (See[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Ethernet).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]3G[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The term refers to digital, packet-switched technology and is used to describe the third-generation of[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]mobile telephony which brings video and broadband Internet access to mobile phones. The first generation[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]was represented by analog cellular phones and the second generation by digital cellular networks.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]802.11[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A group of wireless networking standards, also known as Wi-Fi, set by the Institute of Electrical and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Electronics Engineers (IEEE). (See IEEE).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]802.11a[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An IEEE standard for a wireless network that operates at 5 GHz with rates up to 54Mbps.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]802.11b[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An IEEE standard for a wireless network that operates at 2.4 GHz with rates up to 11Mbps.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]802.11d[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An IEEE specification that allows for configuration changes at the Media Access Control layer (MAC layer)[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]level to comply with the rules of the country in which the network is to be used. (See MAC).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]802.11e[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An IEEE standard that adds Quality of Service (QoS) features and multimedia support to the existing[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11a wireless networks. (See QoS, WMM).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]802.11g[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An IEEE standard for a wireless network that operates at 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi with rates up to 54Mbps.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]802.11h[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]802.11h supports Dynamic Frequency Selection(DFS) and Transmit Power Control(TPC) requirements to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]ensure coexistence between Wi-Fi and other types of radio frequency devices in the 5 GHz band.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]802.11i[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An IEEE standard specifying security mechanisms for 802.11 networks. 802.11i makes use of the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher. The standard also includes improvements in key[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]management, user authentication through 802.1X and data integrity of headers. (See 802.1X, AES,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]WPA2).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]802.11j[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An IEEE specification for wireless networks that incorporates Japanese regulatory requirements[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]concerning wireless transmitter output power, operational modes, channel arrangements and spurious[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]emission levels.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]802.11n[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A taskgroup of the IEEE 802.11 committee whose goal is to define a standard for high throughput speeds[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]of at least 100Mbps on wireless networks. The standard is expected to be ratified by 2007. Some[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]proposals being fielded by the taskgroup include designs for up to 540 Mbps. Multiple-Input-Multiple-[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Output (MIMO) technology, using multiple receivers and multiple transmitters in both the client and access[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]point to achieve improved performance is expected to form the basis of the final specification. (See Mbps,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]MIMO).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]802.1X[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A standard for port-based authentication, first used in wired networks, that was adapted for use in[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]enterprise WLANs to address security flaws in WEP, the original security specification for 802.11 networks.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]802.1X provides a framework for authenticating users and controlling their access to a protected network[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and dynamic encryption keys to protect data privacy. (See EAP, WEP, WPA, WPA2).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]802.3[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The standard defining wired Ethernet networks. (See Ethernet).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Ad-Hoc mode[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An old term used to describe a device-to-device network. (See device-to-device network, peer-to-peer[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]AES[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Advanced Encryption Standard. The preferred standard for the encryption of commercial and government[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]data using a symmetric block data encryption technique. It is used in the implementation of WPA2. (See[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]802.11i, WPA2).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]AP[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Access point. A device that connects wireless devices to another network, that being a wireless LAN,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Internet Modem or others.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Applet[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A small application or utility program, usually written In the Java programming language that is designed to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]do a very specific and limited task. Applets are most commonly used in hand-held mobile devices.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Application software[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A computer program that is designed to do a general operational task such as word processing or payroll.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Internet browsers and graphic design programs are also considered applications. Application software runs[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]on top of the operating system.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Association[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Describes the establishment and maintenance of the wireless link between devices. (If security is enabled,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]the devices cannot do anything but exchange security credentials with this link). (See authentication).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Authentication[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The process that occurs after association to verify the identity of the wireless device or end user and allow[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]access to the network. (See association, 802.1X, WPA, WPA2).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Backbone[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The central part of a large network that links two or more sub-networks. The backbone is the primary data[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]transmission path on large networks such as those of enterprises and service providers. A backbone can[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]be wireless or wired.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Bandwidth[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The maximum transmission capacity of a communications channel at any point in time. Bandwidth, usually[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]measured in bits per second (bps), determines the speed at which information can be sent across a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network. If you compare the communications channel to a pipe, bandwidth represents the pipe width and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]determines how much data can flow through the pipe at any one time. The greater the bandwidth, the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]faster data can flow. (See bps).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Bluetooth wireless technology[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A technology designed for short-range, wireless communications among computing devices and mobile[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]products, including PCs and laptop computers, personal digital assistants, printers, and mobile phones.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Designed as a cable-replacement, Bluetooth enables short-range transmission of voice and data in the 2.4[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]GHz frequency spectrum within a range of about 30 feet. (See WPAN).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]bps[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Bits per second. A measure of data transmission speed across a network or communications channel; bps[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]is the number of bits that can be sent or received per second. It measures the speed at which data is[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]communicated and should not be—but often is—confused with bytes per second (Bps, in this reference the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]B is capitalized while in bps lower case is used). While "bits" is a measure of transmission speed, "bytes" is[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]a measure of storage capacity. (See bandwidth, Mbps).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Bridge[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A wireless device that connects multiple networks together. (See router).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Broadband[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A comparatively fast Internet connection possessing sufficient bandwidth to accommodate multiple voice,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]data and video channels simultaneously. Cable, DSL and satellite are all considered to be broadband[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]channels; they provide much greater speed than dial-up Internet access over telephone wires. (See cable[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]modem, DSL).[/FONT][/COLOR][B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="] Broadband modem[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A device that connects a local computer or network to a high-speed Internet service, such as DSL or Cable[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Internet. (See cable modem, DSL).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]BSSID[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Basic Service Set Identifier. A unique address that identifies the access point/router that creates the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]wireless network. (See SSID).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Bus adapter[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A special adapter card that installs in a PC's PCI or ISA slot and enables the use of PC Card radios in[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]desktop computers. Some companies offer one-piece PCI or ISA Card radios that install directly into an[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]open PC or ISA slot.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Cable modem[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A device used with broadband Internet service provided by a traditional cable TV service. Cable modems[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]convert analog data from the cable TV system into a digital format that can be used by a computer. (See[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]broadband modem).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Channel[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]One portion of the available radio spectrum that all devices on a wireless network use to communicate.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Changing the channel on the access point/router can help reduce interference.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Client[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Any computer connected to a network that requests files and services (files, print capability) from the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]server or other devices on the network. The term also refers to end users. (See AP).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Client devices[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wi-Fi client devices include PC Cards that slide into laptop computers, mini-PCI modules embedded in[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]laptop computers and mobile computing devices, as well as USB radios and PCI/ISA bus Wi-Fi radios.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Client devices usually communicate with hub devices like access points and gateways. (See AP, client).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Collision avoidance[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A means of proactively detecting whether a node on an Ethernet network can transmit a signal without risk[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]that it will collide with other traffic on the network. (See CSMA/CA, CSMA/CD).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Crossover cable[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A twisted-pair cable used to network two computers without use of a hub. Instead of traveling in direct[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]parallel paths between plugs, the signals "crossover," reversing the sending and receiving wire pairs on[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]each end. Crossover cables may be required to connect a cable or DSL modem to a wireless router or[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]access point.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]CSMA/CA[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance. The principal media access control strategy used in[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]802.11 networks to avoid data collisions. It is a “listen before talk” method of minimizing collisions. The[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network node checks to see if the transmission channel is clear before a data packet is sent. (See collision[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]avoidance, CSMA/CD).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]CSMA/CD[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Customer Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection. The principal media access control strategy used to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]manage traffic and reduce noise on wired Ethernet networks. It allows a network device to transmit data[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]after detecting a channel is available. If two devices transmit data simultaneously, the sending device[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]detects the collision of data packets and retransmits after a random time delay. (See collision avoidance,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]CSMA/CA).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]DC power module[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Modules that convert Alternate Current (AC) power to Direct Current (DC) for the operation of electronic[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and computer equipment. Depending on the manufacturer and product, these modules can range from[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]typical "wall wart" transformers that plug into a wall socket to larger, enterprise-level Power Over Ethernet[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]systems that inject DC power into the Ethernet cables to provide power to the access points.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Device-to-device network[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Two or more devices that connect using wireless network devices without the use of a centralized wireless[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]access point. Also known as a peer-to-peer network. (See ad hoc mode, Peer-to-peer network).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]DHCP[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. A protocol for dynamically assigning IP addresses from a predefined[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]list to nodes on a network. When they log on, network nodes automatically receive an IP address[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]from a pool of addresses served by a DHCP. The DHCP server provides (or leases) an IP address (to a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]client for a specific period of time. The client will automatically request a renewal of the lease when the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]lease is about to run out. If a lease renewal is not requested and it expires, the address is returned to the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]pool of available IP addresses. Using DHCP to manage IP addresses simplifies client configuration and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]efficiently utilizes IP addresses. (See IP address).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Dial-up[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A connection to a remote network, or the Internet, using a standard modem and telephone connection, or[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS). (See POTS).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Diversity antenna[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An antenna system that uses multiple antennas to reduce interference and maximize reception and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]transmission quality.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]DNS[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Domain Name Service. An Internet service that translates alphanumeric domain names to assigned IP[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]addresses and vice versa. The term is typically used to describe the server which makes the translation.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Every website has its own specific IP address on the Internet. DNS typically refers to a database of[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Internet names and addresses which translates the alpha-numeric names to the official Internet Protocol[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]numbers and vice versa. For instance, a DNS server converts a name like mywebsite.com to a series of[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]numbers like 107.22.55.26. (See IP, IP address).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]DSL[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Digital Subscriber Line. A dedicated digital circuit between a residence or business and a telephone[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]company's central office. It allows high-speed data, voice and video transmissions over existing twistedpair[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]copper Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) telephone wires. (See broadband, POTS).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Dual-band[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A device that is capable of operating in two frequencies. On a wireless network, dual-band devices are[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]capable of operating in both the 2.4 GHz (802.11b/g) and 5 GHz (802.11a) bands. In cellular phone[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]technology, dual-band devices typically operate in both the GSM900 and GSM1800 frequencies, allowing[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]a greater number of roaming options. (See Tri-mode).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]EAP[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Extensible Authentication Protocol. A protocol that provides an authentication framework for both wireless[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and wired Ethernet enterprise networks. It is typically used with a RADIUS server to authenticate users on[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]large networks. EAP protocol types are used in the 802.1X-based authentication in WPA-Enterprise and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]WPA2-Enterprise. (See 802.1X, EAP, LEAP, RADIUS, TLS, WPA-Enterprise, WPA2-Enterprise).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]EAP-SIM[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Specifies a mechanism for mutual authentication and session key agreement using the GSM-SIM and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]used in GSM-based mobile phone networks.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]EAP-TLS[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Extensible Authentication Protocol Transport Layer Security[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]EAP-Tunneled TLS/Microsoft Challenge Authentication Handshake Protocol. Securely tunnels clients[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]authentication within TLS records[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Encryption[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A mechanism for providing data confidentiality. (See 802.11i, RC4, TKIP, WEP, WPA, WPA2).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Enterprise[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Any large corporation, business or organization. The enterprise market can incorporate office buildings,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]manufacturing plants, warehouses and research and development facilities, as well as large colleges and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]universities.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]ESSID[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Extended Service Set Identifier. A name used to identify a wireless network. (See SSID, network name).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Ethernet[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The most popular international standard technology for wired Local Area Networks (LANs). It provides from[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]10 Mbps transmission speeds on basic 10BastT Ethernet networks to 100 Mbps transmission speeds on[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Fast Ethernet networks, 1000 Mbps on Gigabit Ethernet, and 10,000 Mbps on 10 Gigabit Ethernet. (See[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]802.3)[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]FIPS 140-2[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The Federal Information Processing Standard that defines the requirements of security technologies used[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]in the handling and processing of information within government agencies. (See 802.11i, AES, WPA2).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Firewall[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A system of software and/or hardware that resides between two networks to prevent access by[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]unauthorized users. The most common use of a firewall is to provide security between a local network and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]the Internet. Firewalls can make a network appear invisible to the Internet and can block unauthorized and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]unwanted users from accessing files and systems on the network. Hardware and software firewalls monitor[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and control the flow of data in and out of computers in both wired and wireless enterprise, business and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]home networks. They can be set to intercept, analyze and stop a wide range of Internet intruders and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]hackers. (See Intrusion detection).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]FireWire[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A high-speed serial bus system defined by the IEEE 1394 standard for input/output technology that[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]connects multimedia and storage peripherals to a PC. FireWire is similar to USB (Universal Serial Bus)[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and can provide a bandwidth of about 400 Mbps. FireWire was the original brand name for Apple[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Computer’s implementation of the specification. Today many Windows systems have FireWire capabilities,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]as well. Other names for products that perform the same function include 1394 (Linux) and iLink (Sony).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Firmware[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Software routines that are embedded as read-only memory (ROM) in a computer chip or hardware device[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]to prevent modification of the routines. Unlike random access memory (RAM), read-only memory stays[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]intact in the absence of electrical power. Startup routines and low-level input/output instructions are stored[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]in firmware.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Gateway[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]In the wireless world, a gateway is an access point with additional software capabilities such as providing[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]NAT and DHCP. Gateways may also provide VPN support, roaming, firewalls, various levels of security,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]etc.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]GPRS[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]General Packet Radio Service. A radio technology used in GSM networks that transmits digital data[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]packets, much like Internet protocols do, for both voice and data without the need of a dedicated circuit for[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]always-on access to data. This allows for more efficient communication and faster data rates. (See 3G,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]GSM).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]GPS[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Global Positioning System. A system that uses satellites, receivers and software to allow users to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]determine their precise geographic position. (See War driving).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]GSM[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Groupe Speciale Mobile, or Global System for Mobile Communications. A 2G digital standard for cellular[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]phone communications adopted by many countries around the world. Its frequency bands range from 900-[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]1800MHz. (See 3G, GPRS).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Hotspot[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A location where users can access the Internet using Wi-Fi laptops and other Wi-Fi enabled devices.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Access may be provided free or for a fee. Hotspots are often found at coffee shops, hotels, airport lounges,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]train stations, convention centers, gas stations, truck stops and other public meeting areas. Corporations[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and campuses often offer it to visitors and guests. Hotspot service is sometimes available aboard planes,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]trains and boats. (See Wi-Fi ZONE™).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Hub[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A multi-port device used to connect client devices to a wired Ethernet network. Hubs can have numerous[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]ports and can transmit data at speeds ranging from 10 to 1000 Mbps per second to all the connected ports.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A small wired hub may only connect 4 computers; a large hub can connect 48 or more. (See Router).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]HZ[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Hertz, not the car rental company. The international unit for measuring frequency equivalent to the older[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]unit of cycles per second. One megahertz (MHz) is one million hertz. One gigahertz (GHz) is one billion[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]hertz. The standard US electrical power frequency is 60 Hz; 802.11a devices operate in the 5 GHz band;[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]802.11b and g devices operate in the 2.4 GHz band.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]I/O[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Input/Output. The term used to describe any operation that transfers data to or from a computer. (See[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]MIMO).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]IEEE[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. A global technical professional society and standardssetting[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]organization serving the public interest and its members in electrical, electronics, computer,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]information and other technologies.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]IEEE 802.11[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The family of specifications developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]802.11 committee which establishes standards for wireless Ethernet networks. 802.11 standards define[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]the over-the-air interface between wireless clients and a base station, or access point that is physically[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]connected to the wired network. (See 802.11, IEEE).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]iLink[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Sony Corp’s name for the high-speed serial bus system defined by the IEEE 1394 standard for input/output[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]technology that connects multimedia and storage peripherals to a PC. (See FireWire).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Infrastructure mode[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An old term used to describe a wireless network consisting of devices connected to a network using a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]centralized wireless access point. One of two types of wireless network modes; the other is a device-todevice[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network (also known as peer-to-peer or ad hoc mode). (See ad hoc mode, device-to-device[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network, peer-to-peer network).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Internet appliance[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A computing device used primarily for Internet access. It can be Wi-Fi enabled or connected to a wired[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network and generally offers customized web browsing, touch-screen navigation, with built-in e-mail[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]services, entertainment and personal information management applications. Applications cannot be[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]installed independently.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Intrusion detection[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A security service that monitors and analyzes system events to identify security breaches to the network[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and provide real-time warnings when an unauthorized intrusion, or break-in, to the network is attempted.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial](See Rogue, War chalking, War driving).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]IP[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Internet Protocol. The basic communications protocol of the Internet. (See IP address, TCP/IP).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]IP (Internet Protocol) telephony[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Technology that supports voice, data and video transmission via IP-based LANs, WANs, and the Internet.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]This includes VoIP (Voice over IP).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]IP address[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Internet Protocol address. IP Version 4, the most widely used Internet protocol, provides 32-bit number that[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]identifies the sender or receiver of information sent across the Internet. An IP address has two parts: The[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]identifier of the particular network on the Internet and the identifier of the particular device (which can be a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]server or a workstation) within that network. The newer IP, Version 6, provides a 128-bit addressing[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]scheme to support a much greater number of IP addresses. (See DHCP, DNS, IP).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]IP telephony[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A general term referring to technologies that use IP packet-switched connections to exchange voice, data,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]video, and other forms of information traditionally carried over public telephone networks. (See IP, VoIP).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]IPX-SPX[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]IPX, short for Internetwork Packet Exchange, a networking protocol used by the Novell NetWare operating[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]systems. Like UDP/IP, IPX is a datagram protocol used for connectionless communications. Higher-level[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]protocols, such as SPX and NCP, are used for additional error recovery services. Sequenced Packet[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Exchange, SPX, a transport layer protocol (layer 4 of the OSI Model) used in Novell Netware networks.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The SPX layer sits on top of the IPX layer (layer 3) and provides connection-oriented services between two[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]nodes on the network. SPX is used primarily by client/server applications. Whereas the IPX protocol is[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]similar to IP, SPX is similar to TCP. Together, therefore, IPX-SPX provides connection services similar to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]TCP/IP.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]ISA[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A type of internal computer bus that allows the addition of card-based components like modems and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network adapters. ISA has been replaced by PCI and is not very common anymore.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]ISDN[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Integrated Digital Services Network—A service offered by most telephone carriers that provides highspeed[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]digital service for voice and data over ordinary telephone lines. ISDN uses standard POTS copper[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]wiring to deliver voice, data or video. (See broadband, POTS).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]ISO Network Model[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A model developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) that defines seven levels, or layers,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]in a network. By standardizing these layers and the interfaces that connect them, different portions of a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]given protocol can be modified or changed as technologies advance or systems requirements are altered.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The seven layers are, beginning at the lowest layer: Physical, Data link, Network, Transport, Session,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Presentation, Application. The IEEE 802.11 Standard encompasses the physical layer (PHY) and the lower[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]portion of the data link layer which is often referred to as the Media Access Control (MAC) sub-layer. (See[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]PHY).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]ISS[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A special software application that allows all PCs on a network access to the Internet simultaneously[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]through a single connection and Internet Service Provider (ISP) account.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]LAN[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A system of connecting PCs and other devices within the same physical proximity for sharing resources[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]such as an Internet connections, printers, files and drives. When Wi-Fi is used to connect the devices, the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]system is known as a wireless LAN or WLAN. (See WAN, WLAN, WMAN, WPAN).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]LEAP[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol—A proprietary Cisco protocol used for 802.1X[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]authentication on wireless LANs (WLANs). (See 802.1X, EAP).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]MAC address[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Media Access Control address. A unique hardware number that identifies each device on a network. A[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]device can be a computer, printer, etc. (See IP address).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]MAN[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Metropolitan Area Network. A data network, typically operated by a municipality or communications carrier[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]that provides high-speed service within a geographical area such as a college campus, town or city. A[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]MAN is larger than a Local Area Network (LAN) but smaller than a Wide Area Network (WAN). (See[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]WiMAX).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Mapping[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Assigning a PC to a shared drive or printer port on a network.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Mbps[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Megabits per second. A measurement of data speed that is roughly equivalent to a million bits per second.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial](See bps).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Mesh network[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A communications network with least two pathways to each node, forming a net-like organization. When[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]each node is connected to every other node, the network is said to be fully meshed. When only some of[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]the nodes are linked, switching is required to make all the connections and the network is said to be[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]partially meshed, or partially connected.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]MIC[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Message Integrity Check. A technology that is employed to prevent an attacker from capturing data[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If it does not match, the data is[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]assumed to have been tampered with and the packet is dropped. (See Packet, TKIP, WPA, WPA2).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]MIMO[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output. An advanced signal processing technology that uses multiple receivers and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]multiple transmitters in both the client and access point to achieve data throughput speeds of 100Mbps.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial](See 802.11n).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Mobile professional[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Often called “road warrior.” Any employee or professional person who travels frequently and requires the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]ability to regularly access his or her corporate networks, via the Internet, to post and retrieve files and data[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and to send and receive e-mail from remote locations. (See hotspot, roaming).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]NAT[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Network Address Translation. A network capability that enables multiple of computers to dynamically share[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]a single incoming IP address from a dial-up, cable or DSL connection. NAT takes a single incoming public[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]IP address and translates it to a new private IP address for each client on the network. (See DHCP, IPaddress).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Network name[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A name used to identify a wireless network. (See ESSID, SSID)[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]NIC[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Network Interface Card. A wireless or wired PC adapter card that allows the client computer to utilize[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network resources. Most office wired NICs operate at 100 Mbps. Wireless NICs operate at data rates[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]defined by 802.11 standards. (See PC card).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Packet[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A unit of information transmitted from one device to another on a network. A packet typically contains a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]header with addressing information, data, and a checksum to insure data integrity. (See MIC).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Pass phrase[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A series of characters used to create a key which is used by Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). (See PSK,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]WPA).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]PC Card[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A removable, credit-card-sized memory or I/O device that fits into an expansion slot on a notebook[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]computer or a personal digital assistant (PDA). PC Cards are used primarily in notebook computers and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]PDAs. PC Card peripherals include Wi-Fi network cards, memory cards, modems, wired NICs, and hard[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]drives. (See NIC, PCI).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]PCI[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Peripheral Component Interconnect. A high-performance I/O (input/output) computer bus that allows[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]expansion slots to be spaced closely for high-speed operation. (See NIC, PC Card).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]PCMCIA[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Expansion cards now referred to as "PC Cards" were originally called "PCMCIA Cards" because they met[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]the standards created by the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]PDA[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Personal Digital Assistant. Smaller than laptop computers but with many of the same computing and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]communication capabilities, PDAs range greatly in size, complexity and functionality. PDAs can provide[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]wireless connectivity via embedded Wi-Fi Card radios, slide-in PC Card radios, or Compact Flash Wi-Fi[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]radios. (See PC Card).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]PEAP[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]PEAP—Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol. A protocol proposed by Microsoft, Cisco and RSA[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Security for 802.1X authentication on wireless LANs (WLANs). (See EAP, LEAP).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol, a protocol developed jointly by Microsoft, RSA Security and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Cisco for transmitting authentication data, including passwords, over 802.11 wireless networks. PEAP[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]authenticates wireless LAN clients using only server-side digital certificates by creating an encrypted[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]SSL/TLS tunnel between the client and the authentication[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]PEAPv1/EAP-GTC[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol, a protocol developed jointly by Microsoft, RSA Security and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Cisco for transmitting authentication data, including passwords, over 802.11 wireless networks. PEAP[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]authenticates wireless LAN clients using only server-side digital certificates by creating an encrypted[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]SSL/TLS tunnel between the client and the authentication[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Peer-to-peer network[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A wireless or wired computer network that has no server or central hub or router. All the networked PCs[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]are equally able to act as a network server or client, and each client computer can talk to all the other[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]wireless computers without having to go through an access point or hub. However, since there is no[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]central base station to monitor traffic or provide Internet access, the various signals can collide with each[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]other, reducing overall performance. (See Ad hoc mode, Device-to-device network).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]PHY[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The physical, or lowest, layer of the OSI Network Model. In a wireless network, the PHY defines[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]parameters such as data rates, modulation method, signaling parameters, transmitter/receiver[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]synchronization, etc. Within an actual radio implementation, the PHY corresponds to the radio front end[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and baseband signal processing sections. (See ISO Network Model).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Plug-and-play[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Features that provide for automatic configuration of add-ons and peripheral devices such as wireless PC[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Cards, printers, scanners and multimedia devices. (See PC Card).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]POTS[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Plain Old Telephone Service. The traditional analog telephone service provided by most common carriers.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial](See broadband, dial-up, DSL, ISDN).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Print server[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A network device, often a computer, that connects to at least one printer, allowing it to be shared among[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]computers on a network.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Proxy server[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A technique used in larger companies and organizations to improve network operations and security. The[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]proxy server receives requests intended for another server to prevent direct communication between two[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]or more networks. The proxy server forwards allowable data requests to remote servers and/or responds[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]to data requests directly from stored remote server data.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]PSK[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A mechanism in Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)—Personal that allows the use of manually entered keys or[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]passwords to initiate WPA security. The PSK is entered on the access point or home wireless gateway and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]each PC that is on the Wi-Fi network. After entering the password, Wi-Fi Protected Access automatically[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]takes over. It keeps out eavesdroppers and other unauthorized users by requiring all devices to have the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]matching password. The password also initiates the encryption process which, in WPA is Temporal Key[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Integrity Protocol (TKIP) and in WPA2 is Advanced Encryption Standard (WPA2). (See TKIP, WPAPersonal,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]WPA2-Personal).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]QoS[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Quality of Service. Required to support wireless multimedia applications and advanced traffic[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]management. QoS enables Wi-Fi access points to prioritize traffic and optimize the way shared network[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]resources are allocated among different applications. Without QoS, all applications running on different[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]devices have equal opportunity to transmit data frames. That works well for data traffic from applications[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]such as web browsers, file transfers, or e-mail but it is inadequate for multimedia applications. Voice over[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Internet Protocol (VoIP), video streaming, and interactive gaming are highly sensitive to latency increases[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and throughput reductions and require QoS. QoS extensions for 802.11 networks will be addressed in the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]upcoming IEEE 802.11e standard. (See 802.11e, WMM).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]RADIUS[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Remote Access Dial-Up User Service. A standard technology used by many major corporations to protect[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]access to wireless networks. RADIUS is a user name and password scheme that enables only approved[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]users to access the network; it does not affect or encrypt data. The first time a user wants access to the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network, secure files or net locations, he or she must input his or her name and password and submit it[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]over the network to the RADIUS server. The server then verifies that the individual has an account and, if[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]so, ensures that the person uses the correct password before she or he can get on the network. RADIUS[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]can be set up to provide different access levels or classes of access. For example, one level can provide[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]blanket access to the Internet; another can provide access to the Internet as well as to e-mail[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]communications; yet another account class can provide access to the Net, email and the secure businessfile server. Like other sophisticated security technologies, RADIUS comes in a variety of types and levels.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial](See EAP, WPA, WPA2).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Range[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The distance covered by a wireless network or radio device. Depending on the environment and the type[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]of antenna used, Wi-Fi signals can have a range of up to a mile.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]RC4[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An encryption cipher designed RSA Data Security. It allows key lengths up to 1024 bits and is a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]component in many encryption schemes, including SSL, WEP, and TKIP. (See SSL, WEP, TKIP).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Repeater[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A wireless repeater is a device that extends the coverage of an existing access point by relaying its signal.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A wireless repeater does not do intelligent routing performed by wireless bridges and routers.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Residential gateway[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A wireless device that allows multiple devices accessing a home network, including PCs and peripherals to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]access the Internet and communicate with one another. (See gateway).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]RFID[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Radio Frequency Identification. An electronic identification technology that uses radio frequency signals to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]read identifying data contained in tags on equipment and merchandise. An alternative to bar codes.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]RJ-45[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Standard connectors used in Ethernet networks. They appear similar to standard RJ-11 telephone[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]connectors. However, RJ-45 connectors can have up to eight wires, whereas telephone connectors have[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]only four.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Roaming[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The ability to move seamlessly from one area of Wi-Fi or cellular phone coverage to another with no loss in[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]connectivity. Roaming also refers to the ability of road warriors to wirelessly connect to the Internet from[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]different hotspots without confronting the array of schemes used by different providers to authorize use[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and track billing. Roaming agreements among providers allow mobile professionals to a single[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]authentication and authorization scheme to have all charges resolved to a single bill. (See hotspot, mobile[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]professional).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Rogue[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]file server. Like other sophisticated security technologies, RADIUS comes in a variety of types and levels.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial](See EAP, WPA, WPA2).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Range[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The distance covered by a wireless network or radio device. Depending on the environment and the type[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]of antenna used, Wi-Fi signals can have a range of up to a mile.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]RC4[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An encryption cipher designed RSA Data Security. It allows key lengths up to 1024 bits and is a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]component in many encryption schemes, including SSL, WEP, and TKIP. (See SSL, WEP, TKIP).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Repeater[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A wireless repeater is a device that extends the coverage of an existing access point by relaying its signal.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A wireless repeater does not do intelligent routing performed by wireless bridges and routers.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Residential gateway[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A wireless device that allows multiple devices accessing a home network, including PCs and peripherals to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]access the Internet and communicate with one another. (See gateway).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]RFID[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Radio Frequency Identification. An electronic identification technology that uses radio frequency signals to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]read identifying data contained in tags on equipment and merchandise. An alternative to bar codes.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]RJ-45[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Standard connectors used in Ethernet networks. They appear similar to standard RJ-11 telephone[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]connectors. However, RJ-45 connectors can have up to eight wires, whereas telephone connectors have[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]only four.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Roaming[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The ability to move seamlessly from one area of Wi-Fi or cellular phone coverage to another with no loss in[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]connectivity. Roaming also refers to the ability of road warriors to wirelessly connect to the Internet from[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]different hotspots without confronting the array of schemes used by different providers to authorize use[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and track billing. Roaming agreements among providers allow mobile professionals to a single[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]authentication and authorization scheme to have all charges resolved to a single bill. (See hotspot, mobile[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]professional).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Rogue[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An unauthorized access point installed on a company’s WLAN, typically by a user. Rogue access points[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]present security risks. They rarely conform to the organization’s security policies and, typically, no security[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]at all is enabled on them. Rogues present open, insecure interfaces to the company’s network. (See[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]intrusion detection).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Router[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A wireless router is device that accepts connections from wireless devices to a network and includes a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network firewall for security, and provides local network addresses. (See hub).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Satellite broadband[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wireless high-speed Internet service provided by satellites. Some satellite broadband connections are twoway—[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]up and down. Others are one-way, with the satellite providing a high-speed downlink and then using[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]a dial-up telephone connection or other land-based system for the uplink to the Internet. (See broadband,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]dial-up).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Security supplicant[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Client software that coordinates authentication and session key creation.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Server[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A computer that provides resources or services to other computers and devices on a network. Types of[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]servers can include print servers, Internet servers, mail servers, and DHCP servers. A server can also be[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]combined with a hub or router. (See DHCP, hub, router).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Site survey[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A comprehensive facility study performed by network managers to insure that planned service levels will[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]be met when a new wireless LAN, or additional WLAN segments to an existing network, are deployed. Site[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]survey’s are usually performed by a radio frequency engineer and used by systems integrators to identify[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]the optimum placements of access points to insure that planned levels of service are met. Site surveys are[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]sometimes conducted following the deployment to insure that the WLAN is achieving the necessary level[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]of coverage. Site surveys can also be used to detect rogue access points. (See intrusion detection, rogue).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Sniffer[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A software program that monitors network traffic. Sniffers can capture data being transmitted on a network[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and are sometimes used illegitimately to hack a network.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]SOHO[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The term describes an office or business with ten or fewer computers and/or employees.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]SSID[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A unique 32-character network name, or identifier, that differentiates one wireless LAN from another. All[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]access points and clients attempting to connect to a specific WLAN must use the same SSID. The SSID[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]can be any alphanumeric entry up to a maximum of 32 characters. (See ESSID, network name).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]SSL[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]SSL—Secured Sockets Layer. A protocol used to secure Internet communications. SSL is commonly used[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]to encrypt transactions on online retail and banking. SSL encrypts the exchange of information between a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]user’s browser and Web server so only the intended parties can read it. When an SSL session begins, the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]server sends its public key to the browser. The browser then sends a randomly generated secret key back[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]to the server in order to have a secret key exchange for that session. (See RC4).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Subnetwork, or subnet[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]An IP address range that is part of a larger address range. Subnets are used to subdivide a network[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]address of a larger network into smaller networks. Subnets connect to other networks through a router.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Each individual wireless LAN will typically use the same subnet for all of its clients. (See IP address,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]router).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Switch[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A type of hub that controls device usage to prevent data collisions and insures optimal network[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]performance. A switch acts as a network traffic cop: Rather than transmitting all the packets it receives to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]all ports, as a hub does, a switch transmits packets to only the receiving port. (See hub).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]TCP[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Transmission Control Protocol. The Transport level protocol used with the Internet Protocol (IP) to route[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]data across the Internet. (See IP, TCP/IP).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]TCP/IP[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The underlying technology of Internet communications. While IP handles the actual delivery of data, TCP[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]tracks the data packets to efficiently route a message through the Internet. Every computer in a TCP/IP[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network has its own IP address that is either dynamically assigned at startup (See DHCP) or permanently[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]assigned as a static address. All TCP/IP messages contain the address of the destination network, as well[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]as the address of the destination station. This enables TCP/IP messages to be transmitted to multiple[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]networks (subnets) within an organization or worldwide. For example, when a user downloads a web page,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]TCP divides the page file on the web server into packets, numbers the packets, and forwards them[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]individually to the user’s IP address. The packets may be routed along different paths before reaching the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]user’s address. At the destination, TCP reassembles the individual packets, waiting until they have all[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]arrived to present them as a single file. (See IP, IP address, packet, TCP).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Throughput[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Usually measured in bps, Kbps, Mbps or Gbps, throughput is the amount of data that can be sent from one[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]location to another in a specific amount of time. (See bps, Mbps).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]TKIP[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Temporal Key Integrity Protocol. The wireless security encryption mechanism in Wi-Fi Protected Access.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]TKIP uses a key hierarchy and key management methodology that removes the predictability that intruders[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]relied upon to exploit the WEP key. It increases the size of the key from 40 to 128 bits and replaces WEP’s[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]single static key with keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by an authentication server,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]providing some 500 trillion possible keys that can be used on a given data packet. It also includes a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Message Integrity Check (MIC), designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and resending them. By greatly expanding the size of keys, the number of keys in use, and by creating an[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]integrity checking mechanism, TKIP magnifies the complexity and difficulty involved in decoding data on a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wi-Fi network. TKIP greatly increases the strength and complexity of wireless encryption, making it far[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]more difficult—if not impossible—for a would-be intruder to break into a Wi-Fi network. (See AES, WPA,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]WPA2).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]TLS[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Transport Layer Security. A newer version of the SSL protocol, It supports more cryptographic algorithms[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]than SSL. TLS is designed to authenticate and encrypt data communications, preventing eavesdropping,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]message forgery and interference. (See EAP, SSL).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Tri-mode[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]In the Wi-Fi context, tri-mode refers to devices which are 802.11b, a, and g-compatible. In the mobile[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]context, tri-mode describes a cellular phone that is capable of using analog, digital and GSM frequencies.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial](See dual band).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]USB[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A high-speed bidirectional serial connection between a PC used to transfer data between the computer[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and peripherals such as digital cameras and memory cards. The USB 2.0 specification, announced in[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]2000, provides a data rate of up to 480 Mbps, 40 times faster than the original specification which provided[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]only 12 Mbps.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]UWB[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Ultra Wideband. A relatively new term that is used to describe a technology known since the early 1960s[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]as "carrier-free", "baseband" or "impulse". UWB transmits and receives extremely short bursts of radiosignals, typically a few trillionths of a second to a few billionths of a second (nanoseconds) in duration.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]These bursts produce waveforms that are extremely broadband.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Voice over Wi-Fi[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]VoIP services delivered over wireless networks. Sometimes referred to as wireless voice over IP. (See IP[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]telephony, VoIP).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]VoIP[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Voice over Internet Protocol. A technology for transmitting ordinary telephone calls over the Internet using[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]packet-based networks instead of standard public switched telephone networks or Plain Old Telephone[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Service (POTS). (See IP telephony, Voice over Wi-Fi).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]VPN[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Virtual Private Network. A network layer encryption scheme that allows remote clients to securely connect[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]to their corporate networks using the Internet. Most major corporations today use VPN to protect their[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]remote-access workers and their connections. It works by creating a secure virtual "tunnel" from the enduser's[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]computer through the end-user's access point or gateway, through the Internet, all the way to the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]corporation's servers and systems. It also works for wireless networks and can effectively protect[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]transmissions from Wi-Fi equipped computers to corporate servers and systems.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WAN[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wide Area Network (WLAN). A data communications network that spans large local, regional, national or[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]international areas and is usually provided by a public carrier (such as a telephone company or service[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]provider).The term is used to distinguish between phone-based data networks and Wi-Fi networks. Phone[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]networks are considered WANs and Wi-Fi networks are considered Wireless Local Area Networks. (See[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]LAN, WMAN, WPAN).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WAP[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wireless Applications Protocol. A protocol designed to deliver applications to mobile devices, including cell[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]phones, pagers, two-way radios, smartphones and communicators.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]War chalking[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The practice of indicating the presence of both secured and unsecured wireless networks by using chalk to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]mark nearby buildings or sidewalks.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]War driving[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The practice of driving around with a GPS, laptop equipped with WNIC and an antenna (usually built intothe WNIC) to document the location of secured and unsecured WLANs. The locations of the WLANs[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]derived from the GPS readings, and their corresponding SSIDs, are published in databases that live on the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Internet. War driving derives its name from the movie, War Games, in which hackers gained access to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]traditional networks by randomly dialing telephone numbers until a modem answered. (See GPS).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WEP[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The original security standard used in wireless networks to encrypt the wireless network traffic. (See[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]WPA).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Wi-Fi CERTIFIED™[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]The certification standard designating IEEE 802.11-based wireless local area network (WLAN) products[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]that have passed interoperability testing requirements developed and governed by the Wi-Fi Alliance. (See[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wi-Fi Interoperability Certificate).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Wi-Fi Interoperability Certificate[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A statement that a product has passed interoperability testing and will work with other Wi-Fi CERTIFIED[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]products. (See Wi-Fi CERTIFIED).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Wi-Fi ZONE™[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]A certification program of the Wi-Fi Alliance that allows users to easily identify public hotspot locations that[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]have Wi-Fi connectivity available. The program allows customers from anywhere in the world to look for a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]single Wi-Fi ZONE brand. The Wi-Fi ZONE logo assures users that they will be able to get a fast, reliable[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Internet connection in a coffee shop, hotel, airport, convention center or other public venue. (See hotspot).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Wi-Fi®[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Short for wireless fidelity. A term developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to describe wireless local area network[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial](WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers’ (IEEE) 802.11[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]standards. (See Wi-Fi CERTIFIED™).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WiMAX[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. Refers to the 802.16 standard being developed by the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]IEEE to provide a wireless coverage of up to 31 miles. It operates in the 2 to 11 GHz bands and enables[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]connectivity without a direct line-of-sight to a base station although line-of-site is probably required to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]achieve connectivity at the distance of 31 miles.. It provides shared data rates up to 70 Mbps, which,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]according to WiMAX proponents, is enough bandwidth to simultaneously support more than 60 businesses[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]and hundreds of homes. (See WMAN).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]Wireless network[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Devices connected to a network using a centralized wireless access point. (See WLAN).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WLAN[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wireless Local Area Network. A type of local-area network in which data is sent and received via highfrequency[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]radio waves rather than cables or wires. (See LAN, wireless network).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WMAN[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wireless Metropolitan Area Network—A wireless data network that is comparable to a cell phone network[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]in that users throughout a metropolitan area can freely access the Internet. WiMAX technology provides[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]the basis of WMAN networks. (See WiMAX).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WMM™[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wi-Fi Multimedia. A group of features for wireless networks that improve the user experience for audio,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]video and voice applications. WMM is based on a subset of the IEEE 802.11e WLAN QoS draft standard.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]WMM adds prioritized capabilities to Wi-Fi networks and optimizes their performance when multiple[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]concurring applications, each with different latency and throughput requirements, compete for network[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]resources. By using WMM, end-user satisfaction is maintained in a wider variety of environments and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]traffic conditions. WMM makes it possible for home network users and enterprise network managers to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]decide which data streams are most important and assign them a higher traffic priority. (See 802.11e,[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]QoS).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WPA-Enterprise[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wi-Fi Protected Access–Enterprise. A wireless security method that provides strong data protection for[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]multiple users and large managed networks. It uses the 802.1X authentication framework with TKIP[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]encryption and prevents unauthorized network access by verifying network users through an authentication[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]server. (See 802.1X, TKIP, WPA).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WPA-Personal[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wi-Fi Protected Access–Personal. A wireless security method that provides strong data protection and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]prevents unauthorized network access for small networks. It uses TKIP encryption and protects against[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]unauthorized network access through the use of a pre-shared key (PSK). (See WPA, PSK).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WPA™[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wi-Fi Protected Access. An improved security standard for wireless networks that provides strong data[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]protection and network access control. WPA was developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance and addresses all known[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]WEP vulnerabilities. It provides strong data protection by using encryption, as well as strong access[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]controls and 802.1X-based user authentication which was largely missing in WEP. WPA is designed to[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]secure all versions of 802.11 devices, including 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g, dual-band and tri-mode.[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]WPA can be enabled in two versions, WPA-Personal and WPA-Enterprise. WPA-Personal protects against[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]unauthorized network access by utilizing a set-up pass phrase, or pre-shared key. WPA-Enterprise verifies[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network users through an authentication server. In either mode, WPA utilizes 128-bit encryption keys and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]dynamic session keys to ensure the wireless network's privacy and security. (See PSK, WEP, WPA2).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WPA2-Enterprise[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 – Enterprise. The follow on wireless security method to WPA that provides[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]stronger data protection for multiple users and large managed networks. It prevents unauthorized network[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]access by verifying network users through an authentication server. (See WPA2).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WPA2-Personal[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 – Personal. The follow on wireless security method to WPA that provides[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]stronger data protection and prevents unauthorized network access for small networks. (See WPA2, PSK).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WPA2™[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wi-Fi Protected Access 2. The follow on security method to WPA for wireless networks that provides[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]stronger data protection and network access control. It provides enterprise and consumer Wi-Fi users with[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]a high level of assurance that only authorized users can access their wireless networks. Based on the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]ratified IEEE 802.11i standard, WPA2 provides government grade security by implementing the National[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) FIPS 140-2 compliant AES encryption algorithm and 802.1Xbased[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]authentication. There are two versions of WPA2: WPA2-Personal, and WPA2-Enterprise. WPA2-[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Personal protects unauthorized network access by utilizing a set-up password. WPA2-Enterprise verifies[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]network users through a server. WPA2 is backward compatible with WPA. Like WPA, WPA2 uses the[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]802.1X/EAP framework as part of the infrastructure that ensures centralized mutual authentication and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]dynamic key management and offers a pre-shared key for use in home and small office environments. Like[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]WPA, WPA2 is designed to secure all versions of 802.11 devices, including 802.11b, 802.11a, and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]802.11g, multi-band and multi-mode. (See WPA2-Enterprise, WPA2-Personal).[/FONT][/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=#00256d][FONT="]WPAN[/FONT][/COLOR][/B]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Wireless Personal Area Network. A network that wirelessly connects personal devices centered within a[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]radius of about 30 feet such as an individual’s workspace or room environment in a home. WPAN[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]technologies include Bluetooth and others defined by the IEEE 802.15 standard. Devices specifications[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]include low data rates (250 kbps, 40 kbps, and 20 kbps), and multi-month to multi-year battery life and[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]include such things as joy sticks and interactive toys. WPAN devices operate in unlicensed international[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]frequency bands and can communicate directly with one another, a concept called “plugging in”. (See[/FONT][/COLOR]
[COLOR=black][FONT=Arial]Bluetooth wireless technology).[/FONT][/COLOR]
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